Subject Verb Agreement- English section- IBPS-PO

Subject-verb Agreement- English Section 

IBPS-PO 

1. If 2 singular nouns are connected with and then Plural verb is used with them

2. IF 2 Singular nouns are connected with and then use a singular verb in each and every is place before the noun.

3. If 2 singular noun –pronouns are connected with as well as, in addition to, besides, like, unlike, together with, led by, guided by, controlled by, governed by, rather than, no less than -verb according to the first subject.

4. If 2 singular –not only –but also-Either-or- Neither nor- Verb is used 2nd subject.

5. Each of, one of, either of, neither of, every one of, then noun pronoun will be plural and singular verb is used with them.

· ANIL IS MUCH MORE INTELLIGENT THAN AMIT.

· EVERY BOY AND EVERY GIRL ARE IS GOING TO BRING AN APPLE.

· EACH BOY AND EACH GIRL IS GOING TO BRING AN APPLE.
· THE STUDENTS ALONG WITH THEIR PARENTS HAVE ARRIVED.

· I NO LESS THAN YOU AM TO BE BLAMED FOR THIS.

· NEITHER HAVE NOR HIS FRIEND IS GOING TO BE AWARDED.

· NEITHER OF THE BOYS IS GOING TO BE AWARDED.

EXERCISE

1. He three friends,(a)/ Max included, was supposed to (b)/ meet for dinner later that night. (c)/ No error (d)


2. The number of students chosen (a)/for the prestigious medical internship (b)/ have more than doubled in the past fifteen years.(c)/ No error (d)


3. Without proper funding (a)/ and a better campaign strategy, there is (b)/ no chances that our candidate will be elected to office (c)/ No error (d) .


4. Some members of the tribe (a)/ has been protesting the recent (b)/ passage of hunting laws applying to indigenous populations.(c)/ No error (d)


5. The results of the study clearly (a)/ indicates a reduction in the number of use (b)/ able pounds that can be salvaged from an average ton of recycled goods.(c)/ No error (d)

6. The president of Costa Rica, along (a)/ with two vice presidents, (b)/ are elected for a four-year term by the people.(c)/ No error (d)

7. Neither of our school’s students (a)/ nominated for the national (b)/ spelling bee were able to win the competition.(c)/ No error (d)

8. The public are receiving the new mayor (a)/ well though she was (b)/ mostly unheard of prior to the election.(c)/ No error (d)

9. I am sure that (a) / neither the flat nor its contents (b) / is for sale (c) / No error (d)

10. In time of crisis (a)/ the Bhagavad Gita gives light (b) / and guide to the mind tortured by doubt (c) / and torn by conflict of duties. (d) / No error (e)

11. It was not easy for late Raja Ram Mohan Roy (a)/ to root out the custom of Sati (b) / because a majority of (c)/ the educated class does not support him. (d)/ No error (e)

12. On reaching the (a)/ lake, the leader realized (b) / that two elephant from (c)/ his herd were missing .(d)/ No error (e)

13. The builders have (a)/ promised a customer’s (b)/ that the construction will be (c)/ completed as soon as possible. (d) / No error (e)

14. Is there any difficulties (a)/ in disposing of this gorgeous building (b)/ built on such a spacious (c)/ and beautiful campus. (d) No error (e)

15. It is noticed that (a)/ the elite class have no soft (b)/ corner for the downtrodden who are the (c)/ real victim of the present social set-up. (d)/ No error (e)

16. Just outside (a)/ the hotel is (b)/ two bars, extremely beautiful (c)/ as well as crowdy. (d)/ No error (e)

17. We should not forget that (a)/ we have a right to criticize but (b)/ at the same time each of us (c)/ have to remember the duty also. (d)/ No error (e)

18. Her pugnacious daughter (a)/ always do something that may incur insult (b)/ on her neighbors who hold a wrong (c)/ opinion about her family.(d)/ No error (e)
19. One of (a)/ the biggest industrial houses (b)/ in Mumbai is on the verge of (c)/ declaring a lock out. (d)/ No error (e)

20. One of the developing or underdeveloped (a)/ countries are not in favor of launching (b)/ chemical warfare because it trembles (c)/ to imagine its repercussions.(d)/ No error (e)

21. Have either of (a)/ the two candidates been (b)/ selected for the post of Branch Manager (c)/ in the Punjab National Bank ? (d)/ No error (e)

22. He often says that (a)/ it are these obscene films (b)/ that lead the youth to their moral degradation (c)/ and are responsible for many evils growing in our society. (d)/ No error (e)

23. Neither of them (a)/ are going to attend (b)/ the party on 10th October. (c)/ No error (d) 

24. Either my colleague (a)/ or a peon are coming home (b)/ with the material today. (c)/ No error (d) 

25. The introduction of the tea, coffee (a)/ and such other beverages (b)/ have not been without some effect. (c)/ No error (d)

26. The newer type of automatic machines (a)/ wash (b)/ clothes faster (c)/ No error (d)

27. Each of the student in the computer class (a)/ has to type (b)/ their own research paper this semester. (c)/ No error (d)

28. Everyone of the films (a)/ you suggested (b)/ are not worth seeing. (c)/ No error (d) 

29. Patience as well as perseverance (a)/ are necessary (b)/ for success. (c)/ No error (d) 

30. A body of volunteers (a)/ have helped in (b)/ making this celebration a great success. (c)/ No error (d)


SOLUTIONS:
1. (b)The subject of this sentence is friends which is plural. The phrase Max included is set off by commas and, like any “sandwich” phrase, can be crossed out to help isolate the subject and the main verb:

The three friends, Max included, was…
The plural subject friends does not agree with the singular verb was. We need the plural verb were.

2. (c) The phrase ‘The number of’ is a singular subject that does not agree with the plural verb have … doubled. We need the singular verb has…doubled.

3. (c) The introductory phrase ‘Without proper funding….. strategy ‘ does not affect subject-verb agreement in the main clause. The singular verb is does not agree with the plural subject chances. The correct idiom is there is no chance that, so we need the singular verb is and the singular noun chance.

4. (b) The plural subject ‘some members’ does not agree with the singular verb has been protesting.

Note that here, the subject is ‘Some members’, which is the same as saying ‘Some of the members’. This construction requires the plural verb ‘have been protesting’.

5.(b) The singular verb indicates does not agree with the plural subject, results. We need the plural verb indicate.

6. (c) The noun president is singular and does not agree with the plural verb ‘are’. We need the singular verb ‘is’.

7. (c) The singular subject ‘Neither’ does not agree with the plural verb ‘were’. We need the singular verb was.

8. (a) Public, although made up of individual members, functions as a singular group and thus takes a singular verb ‘is’. ‘Are’ is plural.

9. (c) Replace 'is' by 'are'

10. (c) Replace 'guide' by ' guides'

11. (d)Replace 'does' by 'did'

12. (c) Replace 'elephant' by 'elephants'

13. (b) Replace 'a customers' by 'customer'.

14. (a) Replace ‘is’ by ‘are’ because the main subject of the sentence is ‘ difficulties’.

15. (b) ‘has’ is used in place of ‘have’ because the elite class, the middle class etc are collective noun which are Singular.

16. (b) ‘is’ is replaced by ‘are’ because ‘just outside the hotel’ is Adverb of Place and the main subject of the sentence is ‘two bars’ which is plural.

17. (d) Replace ‘have’ by ‘has’ because subject is ‘each’.

18. (b) do is replaced by does because the subject of the sentence is ‘Her pugnacious daughter’ which is third person and in singular number.

19. (e) No error.

20. (b) ‘is’ is used in place of ‘are’ because the subject of the sentence is ‘one’ for which singular verb is used.

21. (a) ‘has’ is used in place of ‘have’ because the sentence is interrogative whose subject is ‘either’ which is always takes singular verb.

22. (b) ‘is’ is used in place of ‘are’ because the subject of the ‘that-clause’ is ‘it’.

23.(b) Use ‘is’ in place of ‘are’. The noun/pronoun following ‘neither’ is plural , but the verb following the noun/pronoun must be singular.

24. (b) Use ‘is’ in place ‘are’. When two subjects are joined by ‘either or’ , ‘neither nor’, ‘or’, or ‘nor’, the verb will agree with the nearest subject.

25.(c) The verb must agree with the main subject. ‘Introduction’ is a singular subject and hence will take singular verb ‘has’.

26. (b) The verb must agree with the main subject. ‘Newer type’ is a singular subject and hence will take singular verb ‘washes’.

27. (c) Use ‘his’ in place of ‘their’. The noun/ pronoun following ‘each of …’ is plural, but the verb following the ‘noun/pronoun’ must be singular.

28. (c) Verb will be according to the subject, ‘everyone’ is singular. Thus singular verb ‘is’ should be used.

29. (b) When two subjects are joined by ‘as well as’, the verb agrees with the 1st subject. ‘Patience’ is a singular subject and hence will take singular verb ‘was’.

30. (b) Collective nouns like ‘body’, ‘group’, ‘class’ etc takes ‘singular verb’. Change ‘have’ into ‘has’.

NOUN- ENGLISH SECTION-PRACTICE SHEET (SPOT THE ERROR)

NOUN- ENGLISH SECTION

PRACTICE SHEET (SPOT THE ERROR)

Types of Noun

1. PROPER NOUN – special words (names) that we use for a person, place or organization

2. COMMON NOUN- man, girl, cat, table, fish, love, pride, phone

3. COLLECTIVE NOUN- class, army, board, council, school

4. ABSTRACT NOUN- that you can’t sense, it’s the name given to an emotion or idea.

5. COUNTABLE NOUN-one cow, two books, three boys

6. UNCOUNTABLE NOUN- work, news, mail, coffee, information

7. POSSESSIVE NOUN- Apostrophe (‘s)

1. It had (a) /all begun (b) / in brightly lit room as I dreamily ran (c) / my fingers over the surface (d)/ of a globe. No error (e)

2.The angry at being (a)/ left out of the bonanza (b) / is palpable among (c) / employees of the organisation. (d) / No error(e)

3. The city needs an airport (a) / that can efficiently manage (b)/ a constantly flow of (c) / passengers and flights. (d) / No Error (e)

4. He had telephoned yesterday to (a)/ ask how much of the youth (b) / who attend our classes would be (c)/ interested in working for a textile company. (d)/ No error (e)

5. In 60’s Beatless, with (a) / their haircuts, clothes and joking (b)/ drew (c)/ crowds of shrieking teenagers (d) / All correct (e).

6. While (a) / a strong defend (b) / is important to any country it cannot be more important than the livelihood (c) /of its citizens (d)/ All correct (e).

7. Without a doubt, (a) / Ahmed is the most (b) / sincere of all the (c) /student in the class. (d)/ No error. (e)

8. I saw only (a)/ five police who (b)/ were running after (c)/ the bank robbers. (d)/ No Error (e)

9. He gave me (a)/ two important informations (b)/ I had been waiting for (c)/ the previous two Months (d)/ No Error (e)

10. These type of books (a)/ are certainly helpful to the students (b)/ preparing for the banking service (c)/ Examinations. (d)/ No Error (e)

11.“I have never seen (a)/ such as lovely spectacles (b)/ in my life”, said (c)/ the passer-by. (d)/ No Error (e)

12. When he returned (a)/ from America, he informed me (b)/ that he had come here (c)/ to do urgent work. (d)/ No error (e)

13. I do my best (a)/ but I don’t understand (b)/ why I do not get expected (c)/ marks in the examination. (d)/ No error (e)

14. The pretty woman (a)/ sitting in the car (b)/ is the daughter of one of (c)/ the headman of the village. (d)/ No error (e)

15. You will not be (a)/ allowed to go (b)/ anywhere else to (c)/ play outdoor games. (d)/ No error (e)

16. The beautiful surrounding (a)/ of the palace (b)/ attracted a large number of (c)/ tourists coming from abroad. (d)/ No error (e)

17. He did not know (a)/ that the headquarter (b)/ of the army (c)/ was in Delhi. (d)/ No error (e)

18. Liberalization of economy (a)/ has given birth to (b)/ many uncommon (c)/ phenomenon in the society.(d)/ No error (5e)

19. Thousands of young (a)/ protesters were standing (b)/ at Jantar Mantar and (c)/ supporting Anna Hazare. (d)/ No error (e)

20. It is very difficult (a)/ to chase (b)/ a huge score in the (c)/ fourth inning. (d)/ No error (e)

21. He gave me (a)/ a five-rupees note (b)/ and asked me to get (c)/ him a few cigarettes. (d)/ No error (e)

22. I trust you will (a)/ show forbearance to me (b)/ a few minutes more (c)/ so that I can finish this work. (d)/ No error (e)/

23. I went to the temple (a)/ with my parents, aunts (b)/and cousin sisters. (c)/ No error (d)

24. The manager put forward (a) /a number of criterions (b) /for the post. (c)/ No error (d)

25.I like (a)/ the poetries (b)/ of Byron and Shelly. (c)/ No error (d)

26. No porter being available (a)/ he carried (b)/ all his luggages himself. (c)/ No error (d)

27. The table’s legs (a)/ have been (b)/ elaborately carved. (c)/ No error (d)

28. He told me that (a)/ it was (b)/ his friend’s Shankar’s house.(c)/ No error (d)

29. The astronomer (a)/who predicts the future (b)/ has arrived.(c)/ No error (d)

30. According to economics (a)/ not more than five per cent (b)/ of education loans taken (c)/ by student are overdue. (d)/ No error (e)

31. Santosh live (a)/ by the principals (b)/ he professes. (c)/ No error (d)

32. All the evidences were (a)/ against him and he was (b)/ held guilty. (c)/ No error (d)

33. There should be(a)/ no furnitures (b)/ in my room .(c)/ No error (d)

34. She immediately quit (a)/ the job in which (b)/ neither the skill nor (c)/ knowledge were required. (d)/ No error.(e)

35. That house(a)/ is built of (b)/ stones.

(c)/ No error (d)

36. The Cattle in the meadow (a)/ was terrified to hear (b)/ the roar of a lion which appeared to be wild with anger.(c)/ No error (d)

37. The committee (a)/could not come to (b)/ a final conclusion.(c)/ No error (d)

38. When we reach the fair(a)/ we found that there (b)/ was no place to stand.(c)/ No error (d)

39.Alms(a)/ are given (b)/ to the poors (c)/ of Jammu and Kashmir . (d)/ No error (e)

40. A strong breeze(a)/ blew his(b)/ cap off. (c)/ No error (d)

41. He had telephoned yesterday to (a)/ ask how much of the youth (b)/ who attend our classes would be (c)/ interested in working for a textile company.(d)/ No error (e)

42. Last week’s sharp hike in the wholsale price of beef (a)/ is a strong indication for (b)/ higher meat costs to come.(c)/ No error (d)

43. He was advised to take(a)/ two spoonsful of (b)/ medicine threee times a day .(c) /No error (d)

44. One of the firmest belief among the Hindus is that (a)/ Karma affects their (b) /life and also the life after death .(c)/ No error (d)

45. Whenever he goes to Mumbai (a)/ he stays in (b)/ five-stars hotels (c)/ No error (d)

46. Lasers are (a)/ indispensable tools (b)/ for the delicate eyes surgery.(c)/ No error (d)

47. The company has ordered (a)/ some (b)/ new equipments .(c)/ No error (d)

48. The driver showed (a)/ great talent in keeping (b)/ the damaged car under control. (c)/ No error (d)

49. It is a big blunder (a)/ but we had (b)/ to ignore it .(c)/ No error (d)

50. The police have received (a)/ two important informations (b)/ that can help them to solve the triple murder case.(c)/ No error(d)

SOLUTIONS:

1. (d) Here, surface (noun) should be used.

2. (a) Here, a Noun i.e. The anger at being …. should be used .

Look at the sentences:

He was filled with anger.(Noun)

Hundreds of angry demonstrator filled the square.(Adjective)

3. (c) An adjective qualifies a noun. Hence, a constant (Adjective) flow (Noun) ….Should be used.

4. (b) Before countable Nouns/Pronouns, ‘how many’ should be used. Hence, replace ‘ask how much of the youth’ by ‘ask how many of the youths’.

5. (b) Noun should be ‘jokes’ not joking used.

6. (b) Noun is needed; so ‘defend’ (verb) should be replaced by ‘defence’.

7. (d) Countable Noun/Pronoun after ‘all ‘ is plural. Hence, replace ‘student in the class’ by ‘students in the class’.

8. (b) Substitute policeman for police (the police uncountable noun but police man countable noun)

9.(b) Substitute information for informations (information is singular uncountable noun and a/an never used before singular uncountable noun).

10.(a) Substitute types for type (these, those, certain etc. are adjective its come after plural noun)

11.(b) Substitute spectacle for spectacles (here spectacle means scenes which singular uncountable noun. e.g. what a beautiful spectacle! = what a beautiful sight)

12. (e) No error

13.(e) No error

14.(d) Replace “headman” with “headmen”.

15.(e) No error

16. (a) Replace “surrounding” with “surroundings”

17. (b) Replace “headquarter” with “headquarters”

18. (d)Replace “phenomenon” with “phenomena”

19. (a) Replace “thousand” with “thousands”

20. (d) Replace “inning” with “innings”.

21. (b) Replace “rupees” with “rupee”

22. (b) In place of forbearance to, we should use forbearance towards.

Forbearance (Noun) means patient self-control; tolerance: show forbearance towards somebody; exercise forbearance in dealing with people.

23.(c) Change ‘cousin sisters’ into ‘cousin’.

24.(b) ‘Criteria’ is plural of ‘criterion’.

25. (b) ‘Poetry’ is an uncountable noun. Hence it is singular and it does not have any plural form.

25. (b) Change ‘luggages’ into ‘luggage’. It is an uncountable noun. Hence it must be in singular form.

26. (c) ‘Table’s legs should be changed into ‘legs of table’. ‘s’ is generally not used with non-living things.

27. (a) Change ‘friend’s’ into ‘friend’. Double apostrophe can’t be used in a sentence.

28. (c) Change ‘astronomer’ into ‘astrologer’. ‘Astrologer’ is one who predicts future.

29.(a) Here, ‘loans’ is Noun. An adjective qualifies a Noun. Hence, use ‘educational’ (Adjective) in place of the word ‘education (Noun)’.

30.(c) Change ‘principals’ into ‘principles’.

31. (b)‘Evidence’ is uncountable noun . It has no plural form . Use singular verb ‘was’.

32. (a)‘Furniture’ has no plural form. Remove ‘s’.

33. (b) When we use Neither … nor, the verb agrees with the number/ person of the noun/ pronoun used after ‘ nor’.

34. (d)Hence, knowledge was required ….will be correct usage.

35. (c) Change ‘stones’ into ‘stone’.

36. (b) ‘Cattle is plural noun. Change ‘was’ into ‘were’.

37.(c) Remove ‘final’. ‘Conclusion’ is always final.

38.(c) Use ‘No room’. ‘Room’ means enough empty space for people or things to be fitted in

39.(c) Change ‘the poors’ into ‘The poor’. ‘The poor’ means the deprived class.

40. (a) ‘Breeze’ is gentle. ‘strong wind’ is the appropriate word here.

41.(b) Before countable Nouns/Pronouns, ‘how many’ should be used. Hence, replace ‘ ask how much of the youth ‘ by ‘ask how many of the youths’.

42. (c) Change ‘costs’ into ‘cost’. Cost as a noun is uncountable and it has no plural form.

43. (b) Use ‘ spoonfuls’ .

44. (a) The ‘ Noun’ that comes after ‘one of the ‘ must be plural. ‘one of the firmst beliefs ‘ is the correct form.

45. (c) ‘Five-star’ is a hyphenated noun which is not used in plural form.

46. (c) ‘Eyes surgery ‘ should be changed into ‘ eye surgery’. ‘Eyes’ noun when used as an adjective should not be used in plural form.

47. (c) ‘Equipment’ is an uncountable noun and has no plural form.

48. (b) Change ‘talent’ into ‘skill’. ‘Talent’ is the natural ability to do something . ‘skill’ requires special training and knowledge.

49. (a) ‘Blunder’ means ‘big mistake’. Hence ‘big blunder’ is superfluous.

50. (b) ‘Information’ is an uncountable noun. To make it countable and plural uses ‘pieces of information’.

Banking Awareness- Basics and RBI (IBPS-PO)

Banking Awareness- Basics of Banking  

IBPS-PO

Role of Banking

1. It is an intermediary between the surplus money holders and funds needed people, farmers, and businessmen.

2. It also financially facilitate by providing import-export transactions and by balancing economic development in the country.

Central Bank (RBI)


To regulate the banking system and to maintain the balance between government revenue and expenditure of a country, there is a central Bank in a country. In India, the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) is the central bank that formulates the guidelines for the other banks.

Commercial Banks

For accepting deposits and grant loans and advances to the customers

Types of Commercial Bank

1. Public Sector Bank- State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Corporation Bank, Dena Bank

2. Private Sector Bank-Axis Bank, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank

3. Foreign Bank- HongKong and Shanghai Banking Co-operation Bank (HSBC), American Express Bank, Standard and Charted Bank, Citibank

Development Bank

The Financial assistance to businesses for equipment for using latest technology is provided by development banks.

They also facilitate by subscribing to the shares and debentures issued by companies, in the case under subscription of the issue by the public, Industrial Financial Corporation of India (IFCI) and State Financial Corporation of India (SFCs).


Co-operative Banks

When a co-operative Society (People who come together to jointly serve their common interest) involved in banking business then it is known as Cooperative Bank.

Types

State Co-operative Bank – The highest level banks in all the states of the country. The money reaches the individual through the central co-operative society and the primary credit societies.

Central Co-operative Banks – These banks operate at the district level. These act as an intermediary between the State co-operative banks and primary credit societies.

Primary Credit Societies- These societies are at the village or town level. The operations are restricted to the small town areas.


Specialized Bank

EXIM BANK: (Export-Import Bank of India)

1982

Help in Export/Import Business
SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India)

1990

To establish a small scale business unit and industry and to facilitate the modernization of small-scale industry and market activity

INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM

MINISTERY OF FINANCE

RBI

COMMERCIAL BANK

· (SBI, IDBI, NATIONALIZED BANKS, RRB, PRIVATE BANKS – INDIAN BANK, FOREIGN BANK)

CO-OPERATIVE BANK

· STATE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY, CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY , PRIMARY CREDIT SOCIETIES

DEVELOPMENT BANKS

· EXIM, SIDBI, NABARD, BMB



SBI History

1881- OUDH Commercial Bank

1894- PNB

1913-17 -BANK CRISIS

1949- BANK REGULATION ACT

1955-IMPERIAL BANK (NATIONALIZED SBI)

1959 – 8 Associate Banks (SBI)

1963- SB of BIKANER + SB of JAIPUR

2008- SB of Saurashtra + SB of Indore

RRB (1975)

Initially 5 RRB

1. MORADABAD(U.P)

2. GORAKHPUR (U.P)

3. BHIWANI (HARYANA)

4. JAIPUR (RAJASTHAN)

5. MALDA (WEST BENGAL)

PRATHMA (Ist RRB of India- established 1975 Moradabad (U.P) sponsored by Syndicate Bank)



NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

(Credit Functions, Development and Promotional Function, Role in Training, Supervisory Functions)

· B. SHIVRAMAN COMMITTEE

· 12-July -1982

· Mumbai

· HEAD- H. K. Bhanwala

National Income- FINANCIAL AWARENESS -IBPS-PO

NATIONAL INCOME

 FINANCIAL AWARENESS

IBPS-PO

National Income

1949- National Income Committee (P. C. Maharan Obis)

1954- Total Income –Re. 8000 Crore.


The monetary value of all goods and services during an FY is National Income

Money

Income Method

Expenditure Method

Value Added Method (Product Method)

Primary Sector -Agriculture

Secondary - Manufacturing

Tertiary – Services

1. Gross-Depreciation NET

2. Factory Cost + Income Tax –Subsidiary = Market Cost

3. Domestic + NFIA = National

4. NFIA ( Net Factor Income From Abroad)

NFIA = Factor Income from Abroad – Factor Income paid to NRI

GDP = NDP ( if Depreciation = 0)

GDP = GNP ( if NFIA =0)

GDPfc = GDPmp ( if IT= Subsidy)



GDP -Gross Domestic Production – is money value of all the final goods and services produces in domestic territory of a country during a year.

GDPmp = NNPfc

GDPmp – Depreciation + NFIA –IT + Subsidy

NDP (Net Domestic Product)

NDP = NNP ( Net National Product)

NDP +NFIA = NNP

GDP-Depreciation = NDP

NNPfc + IT – Subsidy = NNPmp

National Income

There are three methods of measuring National Income.
Value Added Method (Product Method)
Income Method
Expenditure Method

Value Added Method: Value added method measures the contribution of each producing enterprise in the domestic territory of the country.

This method involves the following steps:

(a) Identifying the producing enterprise and classifying them into industrial sectors according to their activities.

(b) Estimating net value added by each producing enterprise as well as each industrial sector and adding up the net value added by all the sectors.

All the producing enterprises are broadly classified into three main sectors namely:

(1) Primary sector-Agriculture and Allied Activities

(2) Secondary sector- Manufacturing Units

(3) Tertiary sector -Services like banking, insurance, transport and communications, trade and professions.

Income Method:

Different factors of production pool their services for carrying out production activities. These factors of production, in return, are paid for their services in the form of factor incomes.

Thus labour gets wages, land gets rent, capital gets interest and entrepreneur gets profits. In other words, whatever is produced by a producing unit is distributed among the factors of production for their services and aggregate of factor incomes of all the factors of production of all the producing units form the subject matter of calculation of national income by income method.

Expenditure Method:

The various sectors - household sector, business sector and government sector either spend their incomes on consumer goods and services or save a part of their incomes or we can say that they spend a part of their incomes on non-consumption goods (or capital goods). Total expenditure in an economy consists of expenditure on financial assets, on goods produced in preceding periods, on raw materials and intermediate goods and services and on final goods and services produced in the current period.

Gross national expenditure = Consumption expenditure + net domestic investment + net foreign investment + replacement expenditure (i.e., expenditure on replacement investment).

Net national expenditure = Consumption expenditure + net domestic investment + net foreign investment.

The income of a nation can be calculated by four different ways.
GDP – Gross Domestic Product
NDP – Net Domestic Product
GNP – Gross National Product
NNP – Net National Product

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
Gross domestic product is the money value of all final goods and services produced in the domestic territory of a country during an accounting year. The concept of domestic territory has a special meaning in national income accounting. Domestic Territory is defined to include the following:
Territory lying within the political frontiers, including territorial waters of the country.
Ships and aircrafts operated by the residents of the country between two or more countries.
Embassies, consulates and military establishments of the country located abroad.

GDP at Factor Cost and GDP at Market Price:

The contribution of each producing unit to the current flow of goods and services is known as the net value added. GDP at factor cost is estimated as the sum of net value added by the different producing units and the consumption of fixed capital. Since the net value added gets distributed as income to the owners of factors of production, we can also estimate GDP as the sum of domestic factor incomes and consumption of fixed capital.




In brief GDPFC = GDPMP – IT + S

where IT = Indirect Taxes

S = Subsidies

Net Domestic Product:




While calculating GDP no provision is made for depreciation allowance (also called capital consumption allowance). In such a situation gross domestic product will not reveal the complete flow of goods and services through various sectors. It is a matter of common knowledge that capital goods like machines, equipment, tools, buildings, tractors etc., get depreciated during the process of production. After some time these capital goods need replacement.


NDP = GDP - depreciation

Gross National Product (GNP):
It has already been seen that whatever is produced within the domestic territory of a country in a year is its gross domestic product. It, however, includes, the contribution made by non-resident producers by way of wages, rent, interest and profits. The non-residents work in the domestic territory of some other country and earn factor incomes. For example, Indian residents go abroad to work. Indian banks are functioning abroad. Indians own property in foreign countries.




GNP = GDP + NFIA (where NFIA is the net factor income from abroad)

NFIA (Net Factor Income from Abroad) = Income from Abroad – Income of Foreigners inside the country

Net National Product (NNP):
It can be derived by subtracting depreciation allowance from GNP. It can also be found out by adding the net factor income from abroad to the net domestic product.

Symbolically, NNP = GNP –Depreciation

NNP = NDP + NFIA

NFIA (Net Factor Income from Abroad) = Income from Abroad – Income of Foreigners inside the country

If NFIA is positive i.e., the inflow of factor income from abroad is more than the outflow, NNP will be more than NDP

If NFIA is negative, NNP will be less than NDP and it would be equal to NDP in case the net factor income from abroad is zero.

Important Points: 

1st National Income estimation in 1886 by Dadabhai Nauroji.
After independence for the period of 1948-51, National Income estimate was provided by National Income committee headed by P.C Mahalanobis.
Since 1951, N.I estimation is done by Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) Established in 1950.
CSO presents N.I estimation every year which is also known as National Accounts Statistics (NAS). 

For this purpose, CSO divides the economy is several parts.
GDPFC = GDPMP – IT + S
NDP = GDP - depreciation
GNP = GDP + NFIA (where NFIA is the net factor income from abroad)
NFIA (Net Factor Income from Abroad) = Income from Abroad – Income of Foreigners inside the country
NNP = GNP –Depreciation
NNP = NDP + NFIA 

DREAM BIG AND WORK HARD 

REARRANGEMENT (PARA JUMBLES) - ENGLISH SECTION-IBPS PO

REARRANGEMENT (PARA JUMBLES)

ENGLISH SECTION

IBPS PO

english section-IBPS-PO 

Directions (1-5): Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E, and F in the proper sequence so as to form a meaningful paragraph and then answer the questions given below them.

(A) It was further revived: by a Boston publishing firm, and from that time Mother Goose continued and grew in fame and interest till date.

(B) The first collection of verses under her name was published in London in book form by John Newbery.

(C) These were known long before they were designated as Mother Goose rhymes.

(D) Some rhymes can be traced to popular ballads, folk songs, and games, political satire, ancient proverbs, cries of street vendors,

(E) About twenty-five years later the book was reprinted in the United States in Worcester, Massachusetts.

(F) In fact, until the eighteenth century, Mother Goose did not have a name in print in English literature.

Q1. Which of the following will be the LAST sentence?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e)E

Q2. Which of the following will be the FOURTH sentence?

(a) F

(b) E

(c) D

(d) C

(e) B

Q3. Which of the following will be the FIFTH sentence?

(a) F

(b) E

(c) D

(d) C

(e) B

Q4. Which of the following will be the FIRST sentence?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e)E

Q5. Which of the following will be the SECOND sentence?

(a)A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e)E

SOLUTIONS:  DCFBEA

Directions (6-10): Rearrange the following five sentences (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E) in the proper sequence so as to form a meaningful paragraph; then answer the questions given below them.

(A) The basic justification of this scrutiny is to divest unrestricted investments from certain low priority area.

(B) The Govt. has decided in principle to throw open to the private sector which is reserved for

(C) Only those industries are proposed to be reserved for the unrestricted sector, which falls in the high priority areas.

(D) In addition, the government is also occupied in an analysis of the existing range of unrestricted investment.

(E) This will enable the government to abolish the monopoly of any sector in the field of public services except these priority sectors.

Q6. Which sentence should come LAST in the paragraph?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q7. Which sentence should come THIRD in the paragraph?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q8. Which sentence should come FOURTH in the paragraph?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q9. Which sentence should come FIRST in the paragraph?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q10. Which sentence should come SECOND in the paragraph?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

SOLUTIONS: BCEDA

Directions (11-15): Rearrange the following six sentences (A). (B),(C), (D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a” meaningful paragraph; then answer the questions given below them.

(A) To propose the idea of becoming perfected is not the same as saying that we human beings can be perfect.

(B) It only means that we are capable of learning, changing and growing throughout the span of our earthly life.

(C) Learning is a process that begins at birth and lasts until death.

(D) This development through understanding new things, transforming and developing throughout may be considered as the’ perfection of the soul.

(E) Given that we are here to continually learn on the journey 'Of life, it seems that the ultimate goal of learning is the perfection of our souls

(F) Nor that we should be perfect in everything.

Q11. Which of the following should be the SECOND statement after rearrangement?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(5)E

Q12. Which of the following should be the FIRST statement after rearrangement?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(5) E

Q13. Which of the following should be the FIFTH statement after rearrangement?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(5) E

Q14. Which of the following should be SIXTH (last) statement after rearrangement?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(5) E

Q15. Which of the following should be the THIRD statement after rearrangement?

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(5) E 

SOLUTIONS: CEAFBD

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ENGLISH PRACTICE SET-4 CLOZE TEST

ENGLISH PRACTICE SET-4

Directions (1-13): In the following passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

Actually every day we all are engaged in this business of ‘reading’ people. We do it (1) We want to figure others out. So we (2) make guesses about what others think, value, want and feel and we do so based on our (3) beliefs and understandings about human nature. We do so because if we can figure out (4) and intentions of others the possibility of them (5) or hurting us, (6) and this will help us to (7) a lot of unnecessary pain and trouble. We also make second-guesses about what they will do in future, how they will (8) if we make this or that response. We do all this second guessing based upon our (9) of what we believe about the person’s inner nature (10) his or her roles and manners.

We mind-read their (11) motives also every day we misguess and misread. Why? because of the complexity, (12) and multidimensional functioning of people. After all how well do you 'read' your own thoughts, aims, values, motives, beliefs, etc. How well do you know your own structuring process your own thinking and (13) styles.

1.

(a) vehemently

(b) practically

(c) actually

(d) incessantly

(e) virtually

2.

(a) ably

(b) constantly

(c) partly

(d) largely

(e) positively

3.

(a) futuristic

(b) proactive

(c) reactive

(d) decorative

(e) assumptive

4.

(a) manifestations

(b) expressions

(c) motives

(d) hopes

(e) prospects

5.

(a) tricking

(b) blaming

(c) furthering

(d) alarming

(e) criticising

6.

(a) lessens

(b) happens

(c) questions

(d) deepens

(e) laments

7.

(a) approach

(b) direct

(c) avoid

(d) implement

(e) prepare

8.

(a) solve

(b) apply

(c) plan

(d) approach

(e) respond

9.

(a) projection

(b) exhibition

(c) situation

(d) prediction

(e) attribution

10.

(a) organizing

(b) underneath

(c) appreciating

(d) proposing

(e) outside

11.

(a) cunning

(b) visible

(c) deeper

(d) obvious

(e) proposed

12.

(a) abnormality

(b) angularity

(c) focus

(d) layeredness

(e) contribution

13.

(a) proposing

(b) developing

(c) upbringing

(d) lamenting

(e) emoting



SOLUTIONS:

1. (d) incessantly

2. (b) constantly

3. (e) assumptive

4. (c) motives

5. (b) blaming

6. (a) lessens

7. (c) avoid

8. (e) respond

9. (d) prediction

10. (a) organizing

11. (c) deeper

12. (d) layeredness
13. (e) emoting





Directions (14-23): In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word
in each case.

After ten years of (14) inflation, prices have spiked 7.5% in the third week of July. This looks scary-after all, Indians had got used to prices crawling up by 2% in the last two years,
and a 10-year average inflation rate of about 5%-but you shouldn't worry. This burst of inflation is the result of three factors that have come together unexpectedly, are unlikely to (15) for long and are unlikely to (16) up together again A (17) rise in global oil prices, a monsoon that arrived late and a spike in global metal prices. North Sea crude has crossed $42 per barrel, driven up by low petroleum (18) and soaring demand in the US as war production heats up. Oil markets are also spooked by the (19) of Russian oil supplies falling on the back of the Yukos-Sibneft probe. There's little that the government can do to (20) users from soaring oil prices-indeed, it shouldn't, if it wants to (21) efficiency. Higher transport costs have pushed up rates of vegetables and fruits; farm produce could also get affected by rains that arrived too late for kharif sowing.

China is (22) up steel and other metals from all over the world to (23) a construction boom ahead of the 2008 Olympics, making metal prices soar all over the world, and sparking inflation in India.

14.

(a) mere

(b) moderate

(c) retarding

(d) vehement

(e) dull

15.

(a) obstinate

(b) constitute

(c) persist

(d) repeat

(e) normalize

16.

(a) go

(b) scramble

(c) mount

(d) yield

(e) crop

17.

(a) sustained

(b) suspicious

(c) horrific

(d) erratic

(e) favourable

18.

(a) lists

(b) trades

(c) services

(d) inventories

(e) details

19.

(a) prospect

(b) progress

(c) view

(d) extent

(e) deposit

20.

(a) support

(b) ignore

(c) propel

(d) prolong

(e) insulate

21.

(a) position

(b) promote

(c) process

(d) pass

(e) form

22.

(a) hurrying

(b) passing

(c) pairing

(d) gobbling

(e) throwing

23.

(a) keep

(b) make

(c) feed

(d) grow

(e) fight

SOLUTIONS:

14. (b) moderate

15. (c) persist

16. (e) crop
17. (c) horrific

18. (b) trades
19. (c) view

20. (e) insulate

PRACTICE WORKSHEET-ENGLISH DOUBLE FILLERS.

PRACTICE WORKSHEET

ENGLISH DOUBLE-FILLERS

Directions (1-5): In each of the following sentences there are two blank spaces. Below each five pairs of words have been denoted by numbers (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e). Find out which pair of words can be filled up in the blanks in the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence meaningfully complete.



Q1. ____the activities of moneylenders could have an adverse impact on those who____ access to bank credit.

(a) encouraging, enjoying

(b) permitting, denied

(c) confining, entitled

(d) promoting, benefit

(e) curbing, lack

Q2. The budget announced substantial ____of ____ to critical sectors like education and healthcare.

(a) expenditure, capital

(b) sanction, initiative

(c) allotment, security

(d) disbursement, investment

(e) allocation, resources



Q3. The government has decided not to make any_____ changes in the country's tax____ .

(a) sweeping, regime

(b) transparent, hike

(c) drastically, net

(d) constitutional, revenue

(e) existing, structure

Q4. The RBI has _____ a statement that the implementation of KYC norms should not lead to the denial of banking _____ to customers.

(a) released, asset

(b) issued, services

(c) drafted, clearing

(d) made, tariff

(e) notified transaction

Q5. The new scheme ____ all persons with disabilities defined _____ the Disabilities Act.

(a) discriminates, according

(b) recognises, beneath

(c) profits, within

(d) covers, under

(e) promises, by

SOLUTION

1. (e) Curb (Verb) = to control or limit something ; check

Lack (Verb) = to have none or not enough of something

2. (d) Disbursement (Noun) = payment of money

3. (a) Sweeping (Adjective) = having an important effect on a large part of something.

4. (b) issued, services

5. (d) covers, under



Directions (6-15): In each of the following sentences there are two blank spaces. Below each sentence there are five pairs of words denoted by numbers (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) Find out which pair of words can be filled up in the blanks in the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence grammatically correct and meaningfully complete.

Q6. To avoid _____ there is a need for _____ planning of the project.

(a) cancellation, broad

(b) problem, deliberate

(c) pitfalls, systematic

(d) inconvenience, convenient

(e) losses, temporary

Q7. A good management will decide not only the ____ for equipment but also its____ for deciding priorities.

(a) need, urgency

(b) usefulness, utility

(c) cost, value

(d) requirement, necessities

(e) technology, methodology

Q8. ____ appears to be a small error in the beginning may turn out to be a ____ in the long run.

(a) It, disaster

(b) What, blunder

(c) That, debacle

(d) It, slip

(e) What, incident

Q9. Being very ____ in nature, he always uses his ____ skills.

(a) adamant, soft

(b) polite, basic

(c) humble, experimental

(d) pushy, persuasive

(e) mild, aggressive

Q10. Demand and supply do not _____ the same relationship as the one that _____ between height and weight.

(a) possess, has

(b) incur, is

(c) defend, volunteers

(d) bear, borne

(e) have, exists

Q11. If the system ____ to yield the desired result, try to ____ the whole procedure in the given sequence.

(a) entitles, dump

(b) ignores, reproduce

(c) fails, re-operate

(d) imitates, generate

(e) equips, encompass

Q12. He is so ____ in his approach that not a single point ever ____ his attention.

(a) meticulous, escapes

(b) casual, erodes

(c) fanatic, brings

(d) deliberate, attracts

(e) nasty, coincides

Q13. Generally, ____ students _____ those who are students mediocre.

(a) humble, surmount

(b) meritorious, surpass

(c) bright, overestimate

(d) intelligent, surrender

(e) studious, respect

Q14.____ and ____ should not be tolerated in our country which boasts of Ahimsa' as its way of life.

(a) Politicking, elections

(b) Dishonour, efficiency

(c) Lethargy, procrastination

(d) Nepotism, selfishness

(e) Hatred, violence

Q15. He ____ a wrong act because it was ____ for him to do so due to circumstantial forces.

(a) compelled, necessary

(b) refused, dangerous

(c) did, avoidable

(d) committed, inevitable

(e) simplified, harmful

SOLUTION

6. (c) Pitfalls (Noun) = a danger or difficulty
7. (a) need, urgency

8. (b) Blunder (Noun) = a stupid or careless mistake.

9. (e) mild, aggressive

10. (d) bear, borne

11. (c) fails, reproduce
12. (a) Meticulous (Adjective) = paying careful attention, fastidious.
13. (e) studious, respect
14. (e) Hatred (Noun) = a very strong feeling of dislike.
15. (d) Inevitable (Adjective) = unavoidable.



Directions (16-20): Each question below has two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Choose the set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning.

Q16. Many teachers _____ the lack of professional freedom as the ____ for leaving the Job.

(a) cited, reason

(b) explained, force

(c) claimed, understanding

(d) argued,, culprit

(e) believe, ground

Q17. Skeptics would not ____ that the earth actually moves, let alone that it ___ around the sun.

(a) permit, orbits

(b) accept, revolves

(c) experience, circles

(d) assume, went

(e) challenge, spins

Q18. Unpredictable ____ of the child could not lead the consultants to any ____.

(a) performance, setting

(b) belief, judgment

(c) operation, purpose

(d) behavior, conclusion

(e) react, decision

Q19. A public servant who is guilty will not ___ punishment and no ____ person will be punished.

(a) be, sincere

(b) flee, guilty

(c) defend, common

(d) avoid, uninformed

(e) escape, innocent

Q20. Few professions can ____ the sheet variety and constant ____of being a doctor.

(a) like, struggle





(b) share, enthusiast

(c) match, challenge

(d) draw, work-load

(e) justify, exception

SOLUTION

16. (a) Cite (Verb) = to mention something as reason.
17. (b) accept, revolves
18. (d) behavior, conclusion
19. (e) Escape (Verb) = to suffer no harm.
20. (c) match, challenge



Directions (21-25): Each question below has two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Choose the set of words for each blank best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

Q21. The organization _____ to popularize Indian classical music among the youth which has lost _____ with its cultural roots.

(a) endeavours, touch

(b) wishes, interest

(c) efforts, experience

(d) exerts, intrigue

(e) need, relation

Q22. One of the major critiques of the examination system is that it _____to a spirit of ______ competition among the students.

(a) results, defective

(b) accompanies, adequate

(c) develops, intense

(d) takes, severe

(e) leads, unhealthy

Q23. Auroras are natural light displays in the sky, usually ____ at night, ____ in the Polar regions.

(a) watch, upward

(b) noticed, peculiar

(c) observed, only

(d) found, most

(e) follows, mainly

Q24. After the board examinations, students are ____ up for the various entrance examinations ____ for next month.

(a) ready, timed

(b) gearing, scheduled

(c) prepared, programmed

(d) set, duration

(e) geared, kept

Q25. The governmental _____ spurred dramatic improvements in the way waste management is ____ out in many hospitals.

(a) rule, thrown

(b) plans, conduct

(c) crusade, done

(d) efforts, carried

(e) venture, disposed

SOLUTION





21. (a) Endeavour (Verb) = to try very hard to do something ; strive
22. (e) leads, unhealthy
23. (c) observed, only
24. (e) Gear up = to prepare yourself to do something.
25. (d) Carry out = to do and complete a task.

Daily dose of editorial- 12th April 2018- Reading Comprehension

Daily dose of editorial-12th April 2018

 Reading Comprehension 

Hi Future bankers,

Here is your assignment for editorial reading. You can read it, analyze it, and write it down in your own way in your diary.

Please make notes on your own. BEST OF HARD WORK + SMART WORK = DESIRED RESULTS.

YOUR DAILY DOSE:

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KEEP WRITING 

Banking Awareness- Money Market- IBPS-PO 2018

Banking Awareness- IBPS-PO 2018 

Topic: Money Market

Money market instruments are those instruments, which have a maturity period of less than one year. Money Markets are regulated by both RBI.

Money Market does not deal in cash; it provides a market for credit instruments such as bills of exchange, promissory notes, Commercial paper, treasury bills, etc. These financial instruments are close substitute of money.

The various instruments traded in the money market are:
Call Money/ Notice Money/ Term Money
Treasury Bills
Certificate of Deposits
Commercial Paper

Regulated By: RBI 

Money Market:

· Organized (Banking Market, Sub Market)

· Unorganized (NBFC, Money Lender)

Sub- Market

1. T- Bill

2. Certificate of Deposit

3. Commercial Paper

4. Call Money



Call Money: (Fully Inter Bank Market) Only 1 Day

Notice Money: 2-14 Days

Term Money: 14 Days- 1year



No Security is needed to cover these transactions

Interest Rate is Market Determined

Borrowing Bank – 2% of Capital

Lending Bank – 50 % of Capital



T-Bill – are lowest risk category instrument, RBI on behalf of GoI.

Types:

· 91 days

· 182 days

· 364 days

Issued at discount –Redeem at per face value

Denomination: 25,000/ and multiples of 25,000/

Any individual can buy this.



Certificate of Deposit

Issued by Scheduled Commercial Banks except RRB, Co-operative Bank

Min. Period: 7 Days

Max. Period: 1 year

Denomination: 1 lakh and multiple of lakh

Commercial Paper:

Commercial Paper is issued by corporate

Grade> A1

Net worth >5 crores

Minimum 7 days

Maximum 1 year

Denomination: 5 Lakh and above

HIGHEST RISK





1. Call money

Call money is used by the banks to meet their temporary requirement of cash.

It is repayable on demand and its maturity period varies in between one day to 14 days. The rate of interest paid on call money loan is known as call rate.

Maturity Period:
Call Money –1 day only
Notice Money-2 days to 14 days
Term Money-15 days to 1 Year

2. Treasury Bills (T-Bills)

T-Bills are auctioned by Reserve Bank of India at regular intervals and issued at a discount to face value. So this is considered as the lowest risk instrument.

Any person in India including Individuals, Firms, Companies, Corporate bodies, Trusts and Institutions can purchase Treasury Bills.

Denominations: Rs. 25,000 and in multiples of Rs. 25,000

Maturity Period:

· 91 days

· 182 days

· 364 days

3. Certificate of Deposit

Certificates of Deposit is short-term instrument issued by Scheduled Commercial Banks (excluding Regional Rural Banks and Local Area Banks) and Financial Institutions.

Denominations:

Rs.1 lakh and in multiples of Rs. 1 lakh

CDs can be issued to individuals, corporations, companies (including banks and PDs), trusts, funds, associations, etc.

Maturity Period:

7 days – 1 year

The Financial Institutions can issue CDs for a 1 year -3 years



4. Commercial Paper

Commercial Paper is short term instrument issued by the corporate. It is issued at a discount to face value.

A company would be eligible to issue CP if the net worth of the company is not less than Rs.4 crore. Only corporate who get an investment grade rating can issue CPs, as per RBI rules.

Denominations:

Rs.5 lakh and in multiples of Rs. 5 lakh

Maturity Period:

14 days – 1 year

Individuals, banks, other corporate bodies (registered or incorporated in India) and unincorporated bodies, Non-Resident Indians and Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) shall be eligible to invest in CP.

FIIs shall be eligible to invest in CPs subject to (i) such conditions as may be set for them by Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and (ii) compliance with the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, the Foreign Exchange (Deposit) Regulations, 2000 and the Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or Issue of Security by a Person Resident Outside India) Regulations, 2000, as amended from time to time.